River System In India

Himalayan River System VS Peninsular River system

Perennial; receive water both from Himalayan glaciers and rainfall	Seasonal; dependent on monsoonrainfall
Antecedent * with dendritic pattern. These rivers are older than Himalayas. “An antecedent stream is a stream that maintains its original course and pattern despite the changes in underlying rock topography.”	Super imposed radial and rectangular patterns
Long course, flowing through the rugged mountains experiencing head ward erosion and river capturing* “River capture is a geomorphological phenomenon occurring when a stream or river drainage system or watershed is diverted from its own bed, and flows instead down the bed of a neighbouring stream.”	Smaller, fixed course with well-adjusted Valleys.
Very large basins	Relatively smaller basin
Young and youthful, active and deepening in the valleys	Old rivers with graded profile

Indus River System

The Indus originates in the northern slopes of the Kailash range in Tibet near Lake Manasarovar. It follows a north-westerly course through Tibet. It enters Indian Territory in Jammu and Kashmir. It has a large number of tributaries in both India and Pakistan and has a total length of about 2897 km from the source to the point near Karachi where it falls into the Arabian Sea. The main tributaries of the Indus in India areJhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej. It covers J&K, Punjab and Himachal states of India

Brahmaputra River System

The Brahmaputra originates in the Mansarovar Lake, also the source of the Indus and the Satluj. It flows eastward, parallel to the Himalayas. Reaching Namcha Barwa , it takes a U-turn around it and enters India in Arunachal Pradesh and known as Dihang. The undercutting done by this river is of the order of 5500 metres. In India, it flows through Arunachal Pradesh and Assam, and is joined by several tributaries.

Source: Wikimedia

Ganga River System

The Ganga (Ganges) rises from the Gangotri Glacier in the Garhwal Himalayas under the name ofBhagirathi. This main stream of the river flows through the Himalayas till another two streams – theMandakini and the Alaknanda – join it at Dev Prayag, the point of confluence. The combined stream is then known as the Ganga. The main tributaries of the Ganga are Yamuna, Ram Ganga, Gomati, Ghaghara,Son, Damodar and SaptKosi. The river after traversing a distance of 2525 kms from its source meets the Bay of Bengal at Ganga Sagar in West Bengal.

Yamuna River System

Source: Wikimedia

The River Yamuna originates from the Yamunotri glacier in Uttarakhand. The catchment of the river extends to states of Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh and the entire union territory of Delhi. The river flows 1367 km from here to its confluence with the River Ganga at Allahabad. The main tributaries joining the river include the Hindon, Chambal, Sind, Betwa and Ken.

Narmada River System

The Narmada is a river in central India. It forms the traditional boundary between North India and South India, and is a total of 1,289 km long. Of the major rivers of peninsular India, only the Narmada, the Tapti and the Mahi run from east to west. It rises on the summit of Amarkantak Hill in Madhya Pradesh state which form the head of the Satpura Range and pursues a direct westerly course to the Gulf of Cambay. Its total length through the states of Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Gujarat amounts to 1312 kilometres (815 miles), and it empties into the Arabian Sea in Gujarat.

Tapti River System

The Tapti is a river of central India. It is one of the major rivers of peninsular India with the length of around 724 km; it runs from east to west. It rises in the Eastern Satpura Range of southern Madhya Pradesh state, and flows westward. It flows through Maharashtra’s historic Khandesh and east Vidarbharegions in the northwest corner of the Deccan Plateau and South Gujarat before emptying into the Gulf of Cambay of the Arabian Sea, in the State of Gujarat.

The Western Ghats or Sahyadri range starts south of the Tapti River near the border of Gujarat and Maharashtra. The principal tributaries of Tapi River are Purna River, Girna River, Panzara River, Waghur River, Bori River and Aner River.

Mahanadi River System

Source: Wikimedia

The Mahanadi River system is the third largest in the peninsula of India and the largest river of Orissa state. The basin extends over a vast area and has a total length of 851 km and an annual runoff. The river begins in the Baster hills of Madhya Pradesh flows over different geological formations of Eastern Ghats and adjacent areas and joins the Bay of Bengal after divided into different branches in the deltaic area. The main branches of River Mahanadi meet Bay of Bengal at Paradip and Nuagarh (Devi estuary).

Godavari River System

The river with second longest course within India, Godavari is often referred to as the Vriddh (Old) Ganga or the Dakshin (South) Ganga. It rises at Trimbakeshwar, near Nasik and Mumbai in Maharashtra around 380 km distance from the Arabian Sea, but flows southeast across south-central India through the states of Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Orissa and Andhra Pradesh, and empties into the Bay of Bengal.  The river splits into two streams in AP thus forming a very fertile delta. Some of its tributaries include IndravatiRiver, Manjira, Bindusara and Sabari.

Krishna River System

The Krishna is one of the longest rivers of India (about 1300 km in length). It originates at Mahabaleswar in Maharashtra and meets the sea in the Bay of Bengal at Hamasaladeevi in Andhra Pradesh. The Krishna River flows through the states of Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. Its most important tributary is the Tungabhadra River, which itself is formed by the Tunga and Bhadra rivers that originate in the Western Ghats. Other tributaries include the Koyna, Bhima, Mallaprabha, Ghataprabha, Yerla, Warna,Dindi, Musi and Dudhganga rivers.

Cauveri River System

The Cauveri is one of the great rivers of India and is considered sacred by the Hindus. The headwaters are in the Western Ghats range of Karnataka state, and flows from Karnataka through Tamil Nadu. It empties into the Bay of Bengal.It has many tributaries includingShimsha, Hemavati, Arkavathy, Kapila, Honnuhole,Lakshmana Tirtha, Kabini, Lokapavani, Bhavani,Noyyal and Famous Amaravati.

Viceroys Of India

Lord Canning (1856 – 1862):• The last Governor General and the first Viceroy.• Mutiny took place in his time.• On Nov, 1858, the rule passed on to the crown.• Withdrew Doctrine of Lapse.• The Universities of Calcutta, Bombay and Madras were established in 1857.• Indian Councils Act was passed in 1861.

Lord Elgin (1862 – 1863)

Lord Lawrence (1864 – 1869):• Telegraphic communication was opened with Europe.• High Courts were established at Calcutta, Bombay and Madras in 1865.• Expanded canal works and railways.• Created the Indian Forest department.

Lord Mayo (1869 – 1872): • Started the process of financial decentralization in India.• Established the Rajkot college at Kathiarwar and Mayo College at Ajmer for the Indian princes.• For the first time in Indian history, a census was held in 1871.• Organised the Statistical Survey of India.• Was the only Viceroy to be murdered in office by a Pathan convict in the Andamans in 1872.

Lord Northbrook (1872 – 1876):

Lord Lytton (1876 – 1880):• Known as the Viceroy to reverse characters.• Organised the Grand ‘Delhi Durbar’ in 1877 to decorate Queen Victoria with the title of ‘Kaiser – I – Hind’.• Arms Act(1878) made it mandatory for Indians to acquire license for arms.• Passed the infamous Vernacular Press Act (1878).

Lord Ripon (1880 – 1884):• Liberal person, who sympathized with Indians.• Repeated the Vernacular Press Act (1882)• Passed the local self – government Act (1882)• Took steps to improve primary & secondary education (on William Hunter Commission’s recommendations).• The I Factory Act, 1881, aimed at prohibiting child labour.• Passed the libert Bill (1883) which enabled Indian district magistrates to try European criminals. But this was withdrawn later.

Lord Dufferin (1884 – 1888):• Indian National Congress was formed during his tenure.

Lord Lansdowne (1888 – 1894):• II Factory Act (1891) granted a weekly holiday and stipulated working hours for women and children, although it failed to address concerns such as work hours for men.• Categorization of Civil Services into Imperial, Provincial and Subordinate.• Indian Council Act of 1892 was passed.• Appointment of Durand Commission to define the line between British India and Afghanistan.

Lord Elgin II (1894 – 1899):• Great famine of 1896 – 1897. Lyall Commission was appointed.

Lord Curzon (1899 – 1905):• Passed the Indian Universities Act (1904) in which official control over the Universities was increased.• Partitioned Bengal (October 16, 1905) into two provinces 1, Bengal (proper), 2.East Bengal & Assam.• Appointed a Police Commission under Sir Andrew Frazer to enquire into the police administration of every province.• The risings of the frontier tribes in 1897 – 98 led him to create the North Western Frontier Province(NWFP).• Passed the Ancient Monuments Protection Act (1904), to restore India’s cultural heritage. Thus the Archaeological Survey of India was established.• Passed the Indian Coinage and Paper Currency Act (1899) and put India on a gold standard.• Extended railways to a great extent.

Lord Minto (1905 – 1910): • There was great political unrest in India. Various acts were passed to curb the revolutionary activities. Extremists like Lala Laipat Rai and Ajit Singh (in May, 1907) and Bal Gangadhar Tilak (in July, 1908) were sent to Mandalay jail in Burma.• The Indian Council Act of 1909 or the Morley – Minto Reforms was passed.

Lord Hardinge (1910 – 1916):• Held a durbar in dec, 1911 to celebrate the coronation of King George V.• Partition of Bengal was cancelled (1911), capital shifted from Calcutta to Delhi (1911).• A bomb was thrown at him; but he escaped unhurt (Dec 23, 1912).• Gandhiji came back to India from S.Africa (1915).• Annie Besant announced the Home Rule Movement.

Lord Chelmsford (1916 – 1921): • August Declaration of 1917, whereby control over the Indian government would be gradually transferred to the Indian people.• The government of India Act in 1919 (Montague – Chelmsford reforms) was passed.• Rowlatt Act of 1919; Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (April 13, 1919).• Non – Cooperation Movement.• An Indian Sir S.P.Sinha was appointed the Governor of Bengal.• A Women’s university was founded at Poona in 1916.• Saddler Commission was appointed in 1917 to envisage new educational policy.

Lord Reading (1921 – 1926):• Rowlatt act was repeated along with the Press act of 1910.• Suppressed non-cooperation movement.• Prince of Wales visited India in Nov.1921.• Moplah rebellion (1921) took place in Kerala.• Ahmedabad session of 1921.• Formation of Swaraj Party.• Vishwabharati University started functioning in 1922.• Communist part was founded in 1921 by M.N.Roy.• Kakory Train Robbery on Aug 9, 1925.• Communal riots of 1923 – 25 in Multan, Amritsar, Delhi, etc.• Swami Shraddhanand, a great nationalist and a leader of the Arya Samajists, was murdered in communal orgy.

Lord Irwin (1926 – 1931):• Simon Commission visited India in 1928.• Congress passed the Indian Resolution in 1929.• Dandi March (Mar 12, 1930).• Civil Disobedience Movement (1930).• First Round Table Conference held in England in 1930.• Gandhi – Irwin Pact (Mar 5, 1931) was signed and Civil Disobediance Movement was withdrawn.• Martydorm of Jatin Das after 64 days hunger strike (1929).

Lord Willington (1931 – 1936):• Second Round Table conference in London in 1931.• On his return Gandhiji was again arrested and Civil Disobedience Movement was resumed in Jan 1932.• Communal Awards (Aug 16, 1932) assigned seats to different religious communities. Gandhiji went on a epic fast in protest against this division.• Third Round Table conference in 1932.• Poona Pact was signed.• Government of India Act (1935) was passed.

Lord Linlithgow (1936 – 1944):• Govt. of India Act enforced in the provinces. Congress ministries formed in 8 out of 11 provinces. They remained in power for about 2 years till Oct 1939, when they gave up offices on the issue of India having been dragged into the II World War. The Muslim League observed the days as ‘Deliverance Say’ (22 December)• Churchill became the British PM in May, 1940. He declared that the Atlantic Charter (issued jointly by the UK and US, stating to give sovereign rights to those who have been forcibly deprived of them) does not apply to India.• Outbreak of World War II in 1939.• Cripps Mission in 1942.• Quit India Movement (August 8, 1942).

Lord Wavell (1944 – 1947):• Arranged the Shimla Conference on June 25, 1945 with Indian National Congress and Muslim League; failed.• Cabinet Mission Plan (May 16, 1946).• Elections to the constituent assembly were held and an Interim Govt. was appointed under Nehru.• First meeting of the constituent assembly was held on Dec. 9, 1946.

Lord Mountbatten (Mar.1947 – Aug.1947):• Last Viceroy of British India and the first Governor General of free India.• Partition of India decided by the June 3 Plan.• Indian Independence Act passed by the British parliament on July 4, 1947, by which India became independent on August 15, 1947.• Retried in June 1948 and was succeeded by C.Rajagopalachari (the first and the last Indian Governor General of free India).

Modern History in a nutshell

The Indian National Congress:• Formed in 1885 by A.O.Hume, an Englishman and a retired civil servant.• First session in Bombay under W.C.Banerjee in 1885 (72 delegates attended it).• In the first two decades (1885 – 1905), quite moderate in its approach and confided in British justice and generosity.• But the repressive measures of the British gave rise to extremists within Congress like Bipin Chandra Pal, Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Lala Lajpat Rai (Lal, Bal, Pal).

Partition of Bengal:• By Lord Curzon on Oct 16, 1905, through a royal Proclamation, reducing the old province of Bengal in size by creating East Bengal and Assam out of rest of Bengal.• The objective was to set up a communal gulf between Hindus and Muslims.• A mighty upsurge swept the country against the partition. National movement found real expression in the movement against the partition of Bengal in 1905.

Swadeshi Movement (1905):• Lal, Bal, Pal, and Aurobindo Ghosh played the important role.• INC took the Swadeshi call first at the Banaras Session, 1905 presided over by G.K.Gokhale.• Bonfires of foreign goods were conducted at various places. Formation of Muslim League (1906):• Setup in 1906 under the leadership of Aga Khan, Nawab Salimullah of Dhaka and Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk.• It was a loyalist, communal and conservative political organization which supported the partition of Bengal, opposed the Swadeshi movement, demanded special safeguards to its community and a separate electorate for Muslims.

Demand for Swaraj:• In Dec 1906 at Calcutta, the INC under Dadabhai Naoroji adopted ‘Swaraj’ (Self-govt) as the goal of Indian people.

Surat Session of Indian National Congress (1907):• The INC split into two groups – The extremists and The moderates, at the Surat session in 1907. Extremists were led by Bal, Pal, Lal while the moderates by G.K.Gokhale.

Indian Councils Act or Minto Morley Reforms (1909):• Besides other constitutional measures, it envisaged a separate electorate for Muslims.• Aimed at dividing the nationalist ranks and at rallying the Moderates and the Muslims to the Government’s side.

Ghadar Party (1913):• Formed by Lala Hardayal, Taraknath Das and Sohan Singh Bhakna.• HQ was at San Francisco.

Home Rule Movement (1916):• Started by B.G.Tilak(April, 1916) at Poona and Annie Besant and S.Subramania Iyer at Adyar, near Madras (Sept, 1916).• Objective: Self – government for India in the British Empire.• Tilak linked up the question of Swaraj with the demand for the formation of Linguistic States and education in vernacular language. He gave the slogan: Swaraj is my birth right and I will have it.

Lucknow Pact (1916):• Happened following a war between Britain and Turkey leading to anti-British feelings among Muslims.• Both INC and Muslim League concluded this (Congress accepted the separate electorates and both jointly demanded for a representative government and dominion status for the country).


August Declaration (1917): • After the Lucknow Pact, a British policy was announced which aimed at “increasing association of Indians in every branch of the administration for progressive realization of responsible government in India as an integral part of the British empire”. This came to be called the August Declaration.


Rowlatt Act (March 18, 1919):• This gave unbridled powers to the govt. to arrest and imprison suspects without trial for two years maximum. This law enabled the Government to suspend the right of Habeas Corpus, which had been the foundation of civil liberties in Britain.• Caused a wave of anger in all sections. It was the first country-wide agitation by Gandhiji and marked the foundation of the Non Cooperation Movement.

Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (April 13, 1919):• People were agitated over the arrest of Dr. Kitchlu and Dr. Satyapal on April 10, 1919.• General O’ Dyer fires at people who assembled in the Jallianwala Bagh, Amritsar.• As a result hundreds of men, women and children were killed and thousands injured.• Rabindranath Tagore returned his Knighthood in protest. Sir Shankaran Nair resigned from Viceroy’s Executive Council after this.• Hunter Commission was appointed to enquire into it.• On March 13, 1940, Sardar Udham Singh killed O’Dyer when the later was addressing a meeting in Caxton Hall, London.

Khilafat Movement (1920):• Muslims were agitated by the treatment done with Turkey by the British in the treaty that followed the First World War.• Two brothers, Mohd.Ali and Shaukat Ali started this movement.

Non-cooperation Movement (1920):• It was the first mass-based political movement under Gandhiji.• Congress passed the resolution in its Calcutta session in Sept 1920.

Chauri –Chaura Incident (1922):• A mob of people at Chauri – Chaura (near Gorakhpur) clashed with police and burnt 22 policemen on February 5, 1922.• This compelled Gandhiji to withdraw the Non Cooperation movement on Feb.12, 1922.

Simon Commission (1927):• Constituted under John Simon, to review the political situation in India and to introduce further reforms and extension of parliamentary democracy.• Indian leaders opposed the commission, as there were no Indians in it.• The Government used brutal repression and police attacks to break the popular opposition. At Lahore, Lala Lajpat Rai was severely beaten in a lathi-charge. He succumbed to his injuries on Oct.30, 1928.


Lahore Session (1929):• On Dec.19, 1929 under the President ship of J.L.Nehru, the INC, at its Lahore Session, declared Poorna Swaraj (Complete independence) as its ultimate goal.• On Dec.31, 1929, the newly adopted tri-colour flag was unfurled and an.26, 1930 was fixed as the First Independence Day, was to be celebrated every year.


Revolutionary Activities:

• The first political murder of a European was committed in 1897 at Poona by the Chapekar brothers, Damodar and Balkishan. Their target was Mr.Rand, President of the Plague Commission, but Lt.Ayerst was accidentally shot.• In 1907, Madam Bhikaiji Cama, a Parsi revolutionary unfurled the flag of India at Stuttgart Congress (of Second international).• In 1908, Khudiram Bose and Prafulla chaki threw a bomb on the carriage of kingford, the unpopular judge of Muzaffapur. Khudiram, Kanhaiyalal Dutt and Satyendranath Bose were hanged. (Alipur Case).• In 1909, M L Dhingra shot dead Col.William Curzon Whyllie, the political advisor of “India Office” in London.• In 1912, Rasbihari Bose and Sachindra Nath Sanyal threw a bomb and Lord Hardinge at Delhi. (Delhi Conspiracy Case).• In Oct, 1924, a meeting of revolutionaries from all parts of India was called at Kanpur. They setup Hindustan Socialist Republic Association/Army (HSRA).• They carried out a dacoity on the Kakori bound train on the Saharanpur-Lucknow railway line on Aug. 9, 1925.• Bhagat Singh, with his colleagues, shot dead Saunders (Asst. S.P. of Lahore, who ordered lathi charge on Lala Lajpat Rai) on Dec.17, 1928.• Then Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt threw a bomb in the Central Assembly on Apr 8, 1929. Thus, he, Rajguru and Sukhdev were hanged on March. 23,1931 at Lahore Jall (Lahore Conspiracy Case) and their bodies cremated at Hussainiwala near Ferozepur.• In 1929 only Jatin Das died in Lahore jail after 63 days fast to protest against horrible conditions in jail.• Surya Sen, a revolutionary of Bengal, formed the Indian Republic Army in Bengal. In 1930, he masterminded the raid on Chittagong armoury. He was hanged in 1933.

• In 1931, Chandrashekhar Azad shot himself at Alfred Park in Allahabad.


Dandi March (1930): • Also called the Salt Satyagraha.• Along with 78 followers, Gandhiji started his march from Sabarmati Ashram on March 12, 1930 for the small village Dandhi to break the salt law.• He reached the seashore on Apr.6, 1930.• He picked a handful of salt and inaugurated the Civil Disobedience Movement.


First Round Table conference (1930):

• It was the first conference arranged between the British and Indians as equals. It was held on Nov.12, 1930 in London to discuss Simon commission.• Boycotted by INC, Muslim League, Hindu Mahasabha, Liberals and some others were there.


Gandhi Irwin Pact (1931):

• Moderate Statesman, Sapru, Jaikar and Srinivas Shastri initiated efforts to break the ice between Gandhiji and the government.• The two (government represented by Irwin and INC by Gandhiji) signed a pact on March 5, 1931.• In this the INC called off the civil disobedience movement and agreed to join the second round table conference.• The government on its part released the political prisoners and conceded the right to make salt for consumption for villages along the coast.

Second Round Table Conference (1931):

• Gandhiji represented the INC and went to London to meet British P.M. Ramsay Macdonald.• However, the session was soon deadlocked on the minorities issue and this time separate electorates was demanded not only by Muslims but also by Depressed Classes, Indian Christians and Anglo – Indians.

The Communal Award (Aug 16,1932):

• Announced by Ramsay McDonald. It showed divide and rule policy of the British.• Envisaged representation of Muslims, Sikhs, Indian Christians, Anglo Indians, women and even Backward classes.• Gandhiji, who was in Yeravada jail at that time, started a fast unto death against it.

Poona Pact (September 25, 1932):

• After the announcement of communal award and subsequent fast of Gandhiji, mass meeting took place almost everywhere.• Political leaders like Madan Mohan Malviya, B.R.Ambedkar and M.C.Rajah became active.• Eventually Poona pact was reached and Gandhiji broke his fact on the sixth day (Sept 25, 1932).• In this, the idea of separate electorate for the depressed classes was abandoned, but seats reserved to them in the provincial legislature were increased.

Third Round Table Conference (1932):

• Proved fruitless as most of the national leaders were in prison. The discussions led to the passing of the Government of India Act, 1935.

Demand For Pakistan:

• In 1930, Iqbal suggested that the Frontier Province, Baluchistan, Sindh and Kashmir be made the Muslim State within the federation.• Chaudhary Rehmat Ali gave the term Pakistan in 1923.• Mohd. Ali Jinnah of Bombay gave it practicality.• Muslim League first passed the proposal of separate Pakistan in its Lahore session in 1940.

The Cripps Mission – 1942:

• In Dec. 1941, Japan entered the World War – II and advanced towards Indian borders. By March 7, 1942, Rangoon fell and Japan occupied the entire S E Asia.• The British govt. with a view to getting co-operation from Indians sent Sir Stafford Cripps, leader of the House of Commons to settle terms with the Indian leaders.• He offered a draft which proposed dominion status to be granted after the war.• Rejected by the Congress as it didn’t want to rely upon future promises.• Gandhiji termed it as a post dated cheque in a crashing bank.


The Revolt of 1942 & The Quit India Movement:

• Called the Vardha Proposal and Leaderless Revolt.• The resolution was passed on Aug.8, 1942, at Bombay. Gandhiji gave the slogan ‘Do or Die’.• On Aug 9, the Congress was banned and its important leaders were arrested.• The arrests provoked indignation among the masses and, there being no program of action, the movement became spontaneous and violent. Violence spread throughout the country.• The movement was however crushed.The Indian National Army: Founded by Rasbehari Bose with Captain Mohan Singh.• S.C.Bose secretly escaped from India in Jain 1941, and reached Berlin. In July 1943, he joined the INA at Singapore. There, Rasbehari Bose handed over the leadership to him.• The soldiers were mostly raised from Indian soldiers of the British army who had been taken prisoners by the Japanese after they conquered S.E.Asia.• Two INA head quarters were Rangoon and Singapore (formed in Singapore).• INA had three fighting brigades named after Gandhiji, Azad and Nehru. Rani Jhansi Brigade was an exclusive women force.


The Cabinet Mission Plan (1946):

• The struggle for freedom entered a decisive phase in the year 1945-46. The new Labour Party PM.Lord Attlee, made a declaration on March 15, 1946, that British Cabinet Mission (comprising of Lord Pethick Lawrence as Chairman, Sir Stafford Cripps and A.V.Alexander) will visit India.• The mission held talks with the INC and ML to bring about acceptance of their proposals.• On May 16, 1946, the mission put towards its proposals. It rejected the demand for separate Pakistan and instead a federal union consisting of British India and the Princely States was suggested.• Both Congress and Muslims League accepted it.


Formation of Interim Government (Sept 2, 1946):• Based on Cabinet Mission Plan, an interim government consisting of Congress nominees was formed on Sept.2, 1946. J.L.Nehru was its Vice-President and the Governor-General remained as its President.

Jinnah’s Direct Action Resolution (Aug 16, 1946):

• Jinnah was alarmed at the results of the elections because the Muslim League was in danger of being totally eclipsed in the constituent assembly.• Therefore, Muslim League withdrew its acceptance of the Cabinet Mission Plan on July 29, 1946.• It passed a ‘Direct action’ resolution, which condemned both the British Government and the Congress (Aug 16, 1946). It resulted in heavy communal riots.• Jinnah celebrated Pakistan Day on Mar 27, 1947.

Formation of Constituent Assembly (Dec 9, 1946):

• The Constituent assembly met on Dec 9, 1946 and Dr.Rajendra Prasad was elected as its president.

Mountbatten Plan (June 3, 1947):

• On June 3, 1947, Lord Mountbatten put forward his plan which outlined the steps for the solution of India’s political problem. The outlines of the Plan were:• India to be divided into India and Pakistan.• Bengal and Punjab will be partitioned and a referendum in NEFP and Sylhet district of Assam would be held.• There would be a separate constitutional assembly for Pakistan to frame its constitution.• The Princely states would enjoy the liberty to join either India or Pakistan or even remain independent.• Aug.15, 1947 was the date fixed for handing over power to India and Pakistan.• The British govt. passed the Indian Independence Act of 1947 in July 1947, which contained the major provisions put forward by the Mountbatten plan.

Partition and Independence (Aug 1947): • All political parties accepted the Mountbatten plan.• At the time of independence, there were 562 small and big Princely States in India.• Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel, the first home minister, used iron hand in this regard. By August 15, 1947, all the States, with a few exceptions like Kashmir, Hyderabad and Junagarh had signed the Instrument of Accession. Goa was with the Portuguese and Pondicherry with the French.

RTE:Right to Education Act

The landmark passing of the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education (RTE) Act 2009 marks a historic moment for the children of India.  For the first time in India’s history, children will be guaranteed their right to quality elementary education by the state with the help of families and communities.

Few countries in the world have such a national provision to ensure child-centered, child-friendly education to help all children develop to their fullest potential. There were an estimated eight million six to 14-year-olds in India out-of-school in 2009.

The world cannot reach its goal to have every child complete primary school by 2015 without India.
India’s education system over the past few decades has made significant progress. According to India’s Education For All Mid Decade Assessment, in just five years between 2000 and 2005, India increased primary school enrolment overall by 13.7 per cent and by 19.8 per cent for girls, reaching close to universal enrolment in Grade 1.

Even with these commendable efforts, one in four children left school before reaching Grade 5 and almost half before reaching Grade 8 in 2005. Learning assessments show the children who do remain in school are not learning the basics of literacy and numeracy or the additional skills necessary for their overall development.
Fast Facts
Out-of-School Children: The number of out-of-school children has declined from 25 million in 2003 to 8.1 million in mid–2009. The most significant improvements have been in Bihar, Jharkhand, Manipur and Chhattisgarh. The percentage of out-of-school children in highly populated states like Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Orissa and Bihar remains a cause of concern.
Social Inclusion: Although there have been significant improvements in the proportion of children from socially disadvantaged groups in school, persistence gaps remain. Girls are still less likely to enroll in school than boys; in 2005, for upper primary school (Grades 6-8) girls’ enrolment was still 8.8 points lower than boys, for Scheduled Tribes (ST) the gender gap was 12.6 points and 16 points for Scheduled Castes (SC).

In addition, ST and SC children are less likely to access their right to 8 years of schooling; the drop-out rate for ST children being 62.9% and 55.2% for SC children compared to a national average of 48.8% leaving school before completing Grade 8.
Teachers: Children have the right to have at least 1 qualified and trained teacher for every 30 pupils. Currently, the national average is about 1 teacher to every 34 students, but in states such as Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh and West Bengal 1 teacher works with more than 60 students.

Approximately 1.2 million additional teachers need to be recruited to fill this gap. Currently, about 1 in 5 primary school teachers do not have the requisite minimum academic qualification to ensure children’s right to quality learning.
Sanitation: 84 out of 100 schools have drinking water facilities overall in India. But nearly half the schools in Arunachal Pradesh, Assam and Meghalaya do not. Sixty-five out of 100 schools have common toilets in India; however only one out of four schools in Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Chandigarh, Delhi, Jammu & Kashmir, Jharkhand, Orissa and Rajasthan have this facility.

Fifty-four out of 100 schools have separate toilets for girls. On average, only one in nine schools in Assam, Meghalaya, Manipur have separate toilets and one in four schools in Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jammu & Kashmir, Jharkhand and Orissa.
Key Issues
The RTE Act will be in force from 1 April. Draft Model Rules have been shared with states, which are required to formulate their state rules and have them notified as early as possible.

RTE provides a ripe platform to reach the unreached, with specific provisions for disadvantaged groups, such as child labourers, migrant children, children with special needs, or those who have a “disadvantage owing to social, cultural economical, geographical, linguistic, gender or such other factor.”

RTE focuses on the quality of teaching and learning, which requires accelerated efforts and substantial reforms.
Creative and sustained initiatives are crucial to train more than one million new and untrained teachers within the next five years and to reinforce the skills of existing teachers to ensure child-friendly education.

Bringing eight million out-of-school children into classes at the age appropriate level with the support to stay in school and succeed poses a major challenge. Substantial efforts are essential to eliminate disparities and ensure quality with equity. For example, investing in preschool is a key strategy.
Families and communities also have a large role to play to ensure child-friendly education for each and every one of the estimated 190 million girls and boys in India who should be in elementary school today.

School Management Committees, made up of parents, local authorities, teachers and children themselves, will need support to form School Development Plans and monitoring. The inclusion of 50 per cent women and parents of children from disadvantaged groups in these committees should help overcome past disparities.

Defining the right to education:
The right to education has been universallyrecognised since the Universal Declaration ofHuman Rights in 1948 (though referred to by the ILO as early as the 1920s) and has since beenenshrined in various international conventions,national constitutions and development plans. However, while the vast majority of countries have signed up to, and ratified, international conventions (such as the UN Convention on theRights of the Child) far fewer have integratedthese rights into their national constitutions orprovided the legislative and administrativeframeworks to ensure that these rights arerealised in practice. In some cases the rightexists along with the assumption that the usershould pay for this right, undermining the veryconcept of a right. In others, the right exists in theory but there is no capacity to implement thisright in practice. Inevitably, a lack of government support for the right to education hits the poorest hardest. Today, the right to education is still denied to millions around the world.
As well as being a right in itself, the right to education is also an enabling right. Education‘creates the “voice” through which rights can beclaimed and protected’, and without educationpeople lack the capacity to ‘achieve valuablefunctionings as part of the living’. If people haveaccess to education they can develop the skills,capacity and confidence to secure other rights.Education gives people the ability to accessinformation detailing the range of rights that theyhold, and government’s obligations. It supportspeople to develop the communication skills to demand these rights, the confidence to speak in a variety of forums, and the ability to negotiatewith a wide range of government officials andpower holders

Education and the 4 As
For education to be a meaningful right it must be available, accessible, acceptable and adaptable. The concept of these 4 As was developed by the former UN Special Rapporteur on the Right to Education, Katarina Tomasevski, and it is one of the best ways to assess and act upon the situation.
However, it should be noted from the outset that these 4 As are not definitive. Whilst they are an extremely useful way of explaining the right to education in terms of tangible factors, they are not necessarily the standard used in every international treaty and as such should not be treated as a generic, comprehensive guide to what the right to education means under every law.
The 4 As are to be respected, protected and fulfilled by the government, as the prime duty-bearer, but there are also duties on other actors in the education process: the child as the privileged subject of the right to education and the bearer of the duty to comply with compulsory-education requirements; the child’s parents who are the ‘first educators’; and professional educators, namely teachers.
By using a participatory process thisframework of the 4 As can become atool to enable people to think throughwhat the right to education means tothem, and compare their current reality to this ideal context.
The 4 As can be summarised asfollows - please click on each A to read more:
Availability – that education is free and government-funded and that there is adequate infrastructure and trainedteachers able to support educationdelivery.
Accessibility – that the system is non- discriminatory and accessible to all,and that positive steps are taken toinclude the most marginalised.
Acceptability – that the content ofeducation is relevant, non-discriminatory and culturally appropriate, and of quality; that theschool itself is safe and teachers areprofessional.
Adaptability – that education canevolve with the changing needs ofsociety and contribute to challenging inequalities, such as gender discrimination, and that it can beadapted locally to suit specificcontexts

International Relations

Asian Development Bank ????? - a regional bank to facilitatet the development of Asian Countries - established in 1966 - has its motto "Fighting poverty in Asia and the Pacific" - has 67 members (both in Asia-Pacific Region and Outside) - its functional model resembles World Bank - China and India holds the Second and Third largest proportion in shares HQ is at manila in Phillippines.



ONGC ????? Oil and natural gas corporation  produces around 77% of India's crude oil NDTV profit news channel says it is the only oil company in India which earns 100 crore every day..

BRICS :



-As of 2012, the group's five members are Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa



-BRICS is the title of an association of leading emerging economies, arising out of the inclusion of South Africa into the BRIC group in 2010.



Summits :



1st BRIC (2009) -Russia



2nd BRIC (2010) -Brazil



3rd BRICS (2011) -China



4th BRICS (2012) -India



5th BRICS (2013) -South Africa



** International Red Cross is a humanitarian service organsiation. It was established by Henry Dunant! **The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) is a private humanitarian institution founded in 1863 in Geneva, Switzerland, by Henry Dunant. ** Its 25-member committee has a unique authority under international humanitarian law to protect the life and dignity of the victims of international and internal armed conflicts. *** The ICRC was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize on three occasions (in 1917, 1944 and 1963) **Henry Dunant is also the 1st recipient of Noble Peace Prize in 1901 for establishing International Committee of the Red Cross. The main organ of UNO is the? There r 6 main organs 1.general assembly 2.security council 3.trusteeship council 4. International court of justice 5.secretariat 6. Economic and social council



- General Assembly is the main delibrate organ of the United Nations Organisation - has 193 member states - the work for the UNO derives largely from the mandate of the General Assembly



Trusteeship Council - suspended its operation on 1 November 1994 - it got suspended with the independance of Palau, the last nation of UN trust territory - the Trust Territories were mostly the territories taken from the defeated nations of World War II - the major objective was to promote self advancement of the people of Trust Territories. - also their development towards independance or self-government - this council was administered by the 5 permanent members



Which of the following years is/ was declared as "International Year of Forests" by the UNO? A) 2010 B) 2009 C) 2012 D) 2011 E) None of these in 2011  International Year of Forests; and International Year of Chemistry; and International Year for People of African Descent



in 2012  International Year of Cooperatives



salient features of american prez election...hw it is different from india's prez election? Is usa president directly elected by people? Can it be called a direct election? People choose persons who can elect the president. Every state has fixed number of electors and washing ton d.c is given the electors tht r equal to the least state electors process. These electors in turn choose vice president and president. Senate has the final authority in fixing the number. It calls for nomination process. Usa president directly responsible to people.





In our system president is elected through electoral college consists of 1. Elected members of both the houses 2. The elected members of legislative assemblies 3. The elected members of union territories of pondicherry and national capital territory delhi. It is held with the system of proportional representation of single transferable vote and the voting is secret ballot. All the disputes are adjudocated by supreme court



Proportional Representation of "Single Transferable Vote" - in this system each elector has only one vote, irrespective of the number of seats that needs to be filled - for instance, if 10 seats needs to be filled, elector gives 10 preferences instead of casting 10 individual votes - in ordinary system, if the candidate obtains majority he is elected - in this system, the candidate needs to obtain a quota of votes that is declared, inorder to get elected - for an example if there are 200 valid votes and 3 seats needs to be filled, - Quota = (number of vaild votes by number of seats + 1) + 1 - Quota would be (200/(3+1))+1 i.e., Quota = 51 - there may be many rounds of calculation based on the number of preferences



G-20 countries ???????  the finance minister of the group of (G-7) countries in September 1999 established the G 20 as an international forum to promote informal dialogue and coorperation among systematically important countries within the framework of Bretton woods institutional system with a view to preserving international financial stability .



 G-20 is the Group of 20 financially strong members, which is consisted of 19 Countries and European Union. The head of these nations along with their Finance Ministers and the Governor of their Central Banks started to meet from 2008. Till 2010, it was a biannual summit, which became an annual summit from 2011. 1st G-20 Summit held at Washington in 2008 whereas, the 2012 summit took place at Los Cabos of Mexico. The group mainly discusses International Finance related issues, which calls for global co-operation and a consorted policy formation. This organization also seeks to address the concerns of the rising economic giants who are not the members of any elite international groups. There are 3 members from N.America(Canada, Mexico,U.S.A), 1 each from Africa(S.Africa) and Oceania(Australia), 2 from South America(Argentina, Brazil), 7 from Asia(China,Japan, India,Turkey,S.Korea,Indonesia, Saudi Arabia), 5 from Europe(Russia, France, Germany, Italy, U.K.) and European Union



sir creek border ?  strip of disputed water between India and Pakistan - located in Rann of Kutch marshland, about 96 KM in length - flows into Arabian Sea - India argue that the boundary should be in the middle - whereas Pakistan argues, that the boundary should be lie on the South East bank



contribution of Franklin D. Roosevelt with the respect to UNO ? he suggested the name UNO south-south co-operation?

 South-South Cooperation is a broad framework for collaboration among countries of the South in the political, eocnomic, social, cultural, environmental and technical domains. Involving two or more developing countries, it can take place on a bilateral, regional, subregional or interregional basis. Developing countries share knowledge, skills, expertise and resources to meet their development goals through concerted efforts.



NATO was established in 1949 mainly due to the fear of USSR n communist policy...after the disintegration of USSR in 1991 crticaly examine the role of NATO...? NATO IS TODAY WHAT WE MEANT BY ACTIVE MEBERS OD USA AND UK AND OTHER MEMBERS ARE JUST THERE FOR SECURITY . IN TODAYS CONTYEXT NATO HAS TURNED ITS ENEMITY FROM COMMUNIST TO MILITANTS AFTER 9/11 MAINLY . NATO POER BLOC IS TRYING TO RULE THE EARTHS ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL ENVIORMENT DUE TO ITS STRONG PRESENCE !!

Two plus Two" security talk ?/ ? two plus two security talk was in news when japan n india started the discussion on various issues at foreingn ministry level.

Vlhadimir Putin become Chairman of Rassia.



He has 3rd time chairman of RASSIA.



He had been president since from 2000-2008 of RASSIA.

RBI steps to shore up rupee fail ?? explain 4 steps ?  RBI increased in the limit on foreign investment in government securities (G-Sec) by $5 billion to $20 billion while widening the investor base. It also hiked the limit of External Commercial Borrowing (ECB) allowed for Indian companies to $10 billion. In an effort to widen the non-resident investor base for G-Secs, Sovereign Wealth Funds (SWFs), multilateral agencies, endowment funds, insurance funds, pension funds and foreign central banks to be registered with SEBI have also been allowed to invest in G-Secs.



TAPI pipeline gas sale agreement signed. 1680 km pipeline to become operational by 2018. Aim-of boost peace and give new shape to reginal energy cooperation. INDIA PAK AFGAN TURkistan. Historic gas sale purchase agreement (GSPA) FOR d -$7.6 BILLION. TAPI-TURK,AFGAN,PAK,INDIA.



India is set to become eighth largest shareholder in IMF:



* India is ready to become the 8th largest shareholder in the IMF after quota reforms which are expected to be finalized at the agency's annual meeting at Tokyo in October 2012.  *Once the quota reforms are put through, India's share at IMF will elevate to 2.75% from 2.44%.  * Presently India is at 11th position India had committed to contribute10 billion dollars to the IMF's 430 billion dollars bailout fund for the Eurozone.  * Some nations such as US have not yet ratified the proposal which is essential for its complete implementation.  *The matter of quota reforms was discussed at the G20 summit at Los Cabos and the world leaders had highlighted the need for prompt completion of the quota reforms to provide more power to emerging economies.



World Food Prize ?  In 2012 DHANIEL HILLEL,(washington)



NMIZs. ?????? National Manufacturing Investment Zone....



difference between World bank and WTO ?? World Bank is also known as International Bank for Reconstruction and Development established in 1945 with an objective to help the countries which are affected by the war.



** The name restructure and Development itself indicates. Now it provides loans for Infrastructure development, i.e long term loans. IDA, IFC, MIGA,ICSID through its agencies.

WTO is previously known as GATT, a multilateral trading and also acts as trade dispute resoluting agency. Promotes trade



Fernando Lugo. ????? Fernando Lugo :President of Paraguay was impeached by the Senate on multiple charges involvement in a confrontation with police and farmer,improperly signing and international protocol without consulting the Congress,allowed the leftist party to conduct a meeting in army base etc..







the theme of 4th BRICS Summit was..



a) partnership for global stabilty, security and prosperity b) partnership for global sustainable development, and strengthening BRICS for global leadership c) partnership for clean and green earth



d) partnership for regional cooperation, sustainable devlopment and economic security.



a) partnership for global stabilty, security and prosperity





Kyoto Prize ? The Kyoto Prize is awarded each year by the Inamori Foundation, a charitable body established by the founder of Japanese electronic component maker Kyocera Corp.  **It is Japan’s highest private award for global achievement.



>> India’s Gayatri Spivak, a literary critic and professor at  Columbia University, won the prize for arts and philosophy. >>America’s Ivan Sutherland has won Japan’s annual Kyoto Prize for his contributions to computer graphics technology and interactive interfaces



>> Japan’s Yoshinori Ohsumi, a molecular, biologist at the Tokyo Institute of Technology, was awarded for his work in the basic sciences

IUCN LIST ?         UCN Red List has 132 species of plants and animals from India The Red list of threatened species, prepared by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), has listed 132 species of plants and animals as Critically Endangered, the most threatened category, from India. Plants seemed to be the most threatened life form, with 60 species being listed as Critically Endangered, and 141 as Endangered;



SAARC countries ..???????? need of the same ? Sri Lanka, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Bangladesh.



Afghanistan joined the organization in 2007.

in 2010 upsc mains exam there was a ques...''israel is the natural ally of india'' comment on dis... This statement is given by SM Krishna on his visit to Israel  He referred that terrorism is the mutual problem that existed in the two countries, so both shall work together on the menace of terrorism  As Israel is often hit by the Hamas and our India is hit by the various Islamic organizations like LeT, Jaish etc., so both can work on the same issue. Mainly his intention stood for combatting terrorism on the mutual basis. Israel is good in defence equipment, by having good relations both can progress together.



INS Sindhurakshak



INS Sindhurakshak - Diesel Class submarine - built in 1997 - it is last submarine bought from Russia. It is of 10 Kilo Class submarine - Currenty under modernisation process at Russia - it is under repair process due to battery accident happened in 2010 which resulted in death of a sailor and injuring others. - will be handed over to our navy later this year





Amur-1650 Amur Class Submarine - Latest version of Russian Submarines. Improved version of Kilo Class submarines that we have in our naval band. - these are Non-Nuclear submarines - these are much quieter, have new combat systems and have Air-Independant Powerplant - there are two variants Amur 1650 and Amur 950 - Air Independant Powerplant was the main crieteria of our navy - it will be compatible for our BrahMos missile systems



WHAT IS AIR INDEPENDENT POWERPLANT MEANS? - normally the submaries need to surface out of water to get contact with atmospheric oxygen. - this helps the battries to recharge, so that they can stay underwater for a considerable time - this is the reason why we move for Nuclear submarines. Because they allow the submarines to stay in water for longer time - similary AIP systems allows the submarines to recharge the batteries without the contact with atmospheric air.



Eurozone crisis ???? explain few points ??? The European debt crisis is the shorthand term for Europe’s struggle to pay the debts it has built up in recent decades. Five of the region’s countries – Greece, Portugal, Ireland, Italy, and Spain – have, to varying degrees, failed to generate enough economic growth to make their ability to pay back bondholders the guarantee it was intended to be. Although these five were seen as being the countries in immediate danger of a possible default, the crisis has far-reaching consequences that extend beyond their borders to the world as a whole. In fact, the head of the Bank of England referred to it as “the most serious financial crisis at least since the 1930s, if not ever,” in October 2011.



in GERMANY there is chancellor rules the country ......which type of democracy in germany?



 Germany is a democracy and a federal republic with sixteen states.





What role you see for India economic transformation of Africa?? Mineral rich Africa offers great opportunity for resource hungry India. Indian govt should work with African counterparts on - strengthening of democratic values & institutions by helping them financially, morally & politically, setting up new educational & healthcare facilities, Infrastructure & network development, software industry development & Cheap Medicines. Indian companies should play an active role in development of Industries in African continent as it offers cheapest raw material, labor, growing market & huge untapped natural resources; Lately India has started aid pr ograms & funding of infrastructural & other projects in Africa, which will give new direction to African progress.



UN Security Council ? Its primary responsibility is to look after peace and security. A representative of each of its members must be present at all times at United Nations Headquarters The General Assembly elected Azerbaijan, Guatemala, Morocco, Pakistan and Togo to serve as non-permanent members of the Security Council for two-year terms starting on 1 January 2012. The newly elected countries will replace Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Gabon, Lebanon and Nigeria.



The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) ? a) FAO recognized the tribals for Conserving Biodiversity ad Climate resilient farming systems. b) Kharia, Santhals, Gonds & Kohls are the tribes in this region. c) Long back Kahingo Prize set up by FAO.

External Affairs Minister to visit Tajikistan July 02, 2012



The External Affairs Minister is visiting Dushanbe the Capital of Tajikistan on a bilateral visit on 2nd and 3rd of July. During the visit the External Affairs Minister is expected to hold comprehensive discussions with his Tajik counterpart and the Tajikistan leadership on India-Tajik bilateral relations and on the situation in the region.



The External Affairs Minister will also address a Regional Conference of Indian Ambassadors in the Eurasian Region. This is the Sixth Regional Meeting of Heads of Mission that the External Affairs Minister is addressing. Given the growing strategic importance of the Eurasia Region including Central Asia in our foreign policy, the External Affairs Minister is expected to outline India’s policy priorities in this region. This policy aims at greater political, economic and people-to-people engagement with the countries of the region both bilaterally and collectively.



New Delhi June 02, 2012



can india do something about zangmu dam controversy? put suggestions plz..firstly china has assured india that it will be run of mill type secondly india doesnt have any agreement on sharing of rivers with china. so incase china doesnt maintain its promise, india can do little through legal route. We can sove either through dialogue or apply pressure through stalling trade etc thirdly, china has refused to sign any of international conventions on water sharing, so india cant take help of international organisations in this regard



however there are signs of china willing to share hydrological data with india. If that happens, it will help build trust between the two nations atleast on issues regarding water.

Explain the 'Grandfathering' pact signed between India and Russia. India and Russia have had a long enduring relationship. One of the earliest cooperation pacts between two nations was in field of nuclear energy. Russia has played an important role in building nuclear energy sector in india. Under the nuclear pact, russia helped india build reactors in kudankulam. However following india's nuclear tests, india came under international sanctions which barred nations form cooperating with india in nuclear energy sector. Yet russia has continued partnership on grounds that its earlier agreement included cooperation in building more reactors and since agreement was signed before sanctions came into force, it wouldnt have to obey sanctions. This provision in agreement is known as grandfathering pact.



Now china is using the same grounds, for extending nuclear cooperation to Pakistan

3 bigha corridor .......implicationss?  ** is a strip of land belonging to India on the West Bengal–Bangladesh border, which in September, 2011, was leased to Bangladesh so that it can access its Dahagram–Angarpota enclaves



russia is a recently made a new member of WTO...t or f ? how may member in WTO . n when indin added as WTO Country ?. 154 members. It was formed on 1st January 1995 **85% majority support of WTO members is necessary to be a member for quota reforms it is 70%



CHOGM CHOGM - Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting - was first held in 1971 - everytime the meeting is held at different member states of commonwealth nations - currently there are 54 member nations in commonwealth - Commonwealth leaders meet every two years to disuss the Global as well as commonwealth nation's issues - the meeting is chaired by the President/Prime Minister of the host nation - he/she holds the position until the next meet - Last meeting was held in 2011, in Perth, Australia, headed by Julia Gillard ** pakistan was suspended two times first in 1999.. n suspension was lift in 2004... agn suspended in 2007 for 6 mnths.. nigeria was d first state to get suspended.. but now.. Currently, there is one suspended member, Fiji.



UNHCR ?

United Nation's High Commission for Refugees , looks after cases related to refugees , their settlments , residence , plights , problems , etc & etc . the main condition is member countries can not refuse refugees to accept and settle down in their countries..and it is permanently working in ghaja strip as war between from the formation of Israel and Palestine...and else civil aspirant has been written.. *** *Headquarters-Geneva,Switzerland *has won 2 Nobel Peace Prizes[1954,1981]



Conference of ministers of the ‘Heart of Asia’ countries was held in Kabul:



* Conference of ministers of the ‘Heart of Asia’ countries was held in Kabul Afghanistan Delegations of 15 ‘Heart of Asia’ countries and the countries supporting Istanbul Process along with regional and international organizations are took part in the conference Countries favoring the Istanbul Process are  United States,  Britain,  Canada,  Japan,  Egypt and  Germany  Along with several other European countries.



Which are the Countries under “HEART OF ASIA”?



There are 15 Countries in HEART OF ASIA region The Countries are:- . Afghanistan .  Azerbaijan .  Kazakhstan .  Kyrgyzstan .  India .  Iran .  Pakistan .  Russia .  Saudi Arabia .  Tajikistan .  Turkey .  Turkmenistan .  UAE .  Uzbekistan.



what is instabul process????

 Istanbul process was declared after the Nov 02, 2011, Istanbul Conference, to achieve a peaceful, secure and stable state of Afganistan through regional co-operation by the countries of 'Heart of Asia'.



What are the hurdles in UN reforms? What are the stands of the big powers - US, Russia and China on this issues? The major reform required in UN is increasing the non permanent members & permanent members in its Security Council . . . Regarding increase in non permanent membership , many countries have acquired an imp position , both politically & economically in several continents . It is now highly necessary to increase non permanent members from each continent to be aware of ground realities & circumstances . But the P5 can't see their 'rivals' being given opputunities of having their opinions in UNSC , which can contradict their policies & programmes that these P5 seek to pass as they posses VETO . . . But the most imp & must have reform INCREASE IN PERMANENT MEMBERSHIP seems to be more hurdled & resisted,infact vetoed by P5 . Big powers like US , RUSSIA , CHINA won't let , it seems so , to see their rivals & counter parts like India , Japan , Germany , Brazil , etc & etc to be included or given permanent membership . It is so bcoz the new members will have their own opinion & say in UNSC's policies & programmes . They will surely contradict the policies that these P5 seek for their own economic & political & millitary influence . But these reforms are necessary . Now there are not only these P5 which must be leaders of world , but there seem to be more countries which have a global importance , both from political , economic , & millitary point of view . They also have to be given power for framing new SC policies which will have impact on whole world . Moreover , these P5 are developed states . These countries seem to be less serious or partial in their initiative to control problems relating pollution,green house gases , north south trade dialogues , WMD , biological weapons , racism , technology benefits , economic revieval of least developed countries , etc & etc .



FATF?



Financial Action Task Force (FATF)



The Financial Action Task Force (FATF) is an inter- governmental body established in 1989 by the Ministers of its Member jurisdictions. The objectives of the FATF are to set standards and promote effective implementation of legal, regulatory and operational measures for combating money laundering, terrorist financing and other related threats to the integrity of the international financial system.





What are 'anti-dumping investigations' in context to international trade?



it is said dat sm nations like china give subsidy to their exports due to which the price of their products in international markets appears very less compared to other countries nd this has hit the domestic manufacturers of other nations badly.so bodies like WTO or for dat matter nations like USA has undertaken stringent steps like anti-dumping duties to stop such non-ethical trade practices.moreover since it hurt the domestic manufactures,markets nd employment level so nations keep eye over all imports to prevent them

about ASEAN ? ASSOCIATION OF SOUTH EAST ASIAN NATION



UN millenium Summit ?  in sep 2005 ...known for"" Middle East Peace Negotiations""" and millenuim declaration  middle east peace negotiation is very imp for civil services



why india,china relations r so complicated give five reasons in short * Indias grudge over the friendship of china with pak. * border disputes and territorial claims, including an absense of a clearcut historical demarcation of national boundaries. For e.g. the lasa and tawang regions. * India's relation with US. * Growth of India and the predictions of surpassing of india's growth over china's growth * Pro-Tibet attitude of india. * Political instability of close neighbours viz pak, afgan and myanmar. * Where did the first Coference of Parties (COP) overseeing implementation of UN Conventions to compact desertification was held A) Geneva B) Gyeongnam C) Rome D) Dakar rome , Itly 1997 what is full form of news  north east west south



No.of countries having ICBMs??names?? us, russia, china, india, uk n france





25 th NATO MEETINGS HELD WHERE???????? hosted country??//wat r main points or descision taken here???????

 At the Chicago ( U.S.A.) Summit, 20-21 May 2012. The summit will principally focus on three main themes: the Alliance's commitment to Afghanistan through transition and beyond ensuring the Alliance has the capabilities it needs to defend its population and territory and to deal with the challenges of the 21st century and strengthening NATO's network of partners across the globe.



what is MIRCH  stands for mangolia,india,russia nd china consortium for cultural co-operation



write full detail about RAW ? Raw also known as research analysis wing.  It was formed on 21 sep 1968 with r.n kao as its director. ** It was formed due to the weakness of IB in external affairs. Its work is to counter terrorism, gather clandestine information and other nuclear power related. **This is not answerable to the parliament of india. **It comes under prime minister purview



In 2001, which Indian player was appointed as 'Messanger of Peace' by United Nations (UN), to promote its peacekeeping efforts ? vijay amritraj





what was outcome of tokyo summit on afghanistan?



what are implications of US announcement of afghanistan as a major non NATO ally?



At a major donor conference this weekend in Tokyo, the international community linked its hefty financial aid for Afghanistan over the coming years to concrete progress in reforms by the government of Afghan President Hamid Karzai. Countries pledged to provide a generous $16 billion in reconstruction aid for Kabul for the coming four years. But that money is only supposed to flow if swift and tangible improvements are made in governance, in the fight against corruption and in the strengthening of civil rights especially for women.



opec ?? Organisation of Petroleum Exporting countries, H.Qrs - Baghdad, Iraq. Member countries Republic of Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia Venezuela, Qatar , Indonesia , Libya , the United Arab Emirates , Algeria, Nigeria, Ecuador, Gabon and Angola. Ecuador suspended its membership.Gabon terminated its membership in 1995. Indonesia suspended its membership effective January 2009. Currently, the Organization has a total of 12 Member Countries. Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is to coordinate and unify the petroleum policies of its Member Countries and ensure the stabilization of oil markets in order to secure an efficient, economic and regular supply of petroleum to consumers, a steady income to producers and a fair return on capital for those investing in the petroleum industry.



The Naval Science and Technological Laboratory (NSTL), ....... a unit of Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) has developed an affordable cochlear implant (also known as a bionic ear). t or f? True Cochlear Implant - it is a surgically implanted electronic device - provides a sense of sound to a person who is profoundly deaf  - or severely hard of hearing due to loss of sensory hair cells in their cochlea



International Labour Organisation ? The International Labour Organization (ILO) is the only tripartite U.N. agency with government, employer, and worker representatives. This tripartite structure makes the ILO a unique forum in which the governments and the social partners of the economy of its 183 Member States can freely and openly debate and elaborate labour standards and policies.  The ILO was created in 1919,



Boy Scouts ?? The Boy Scouts of America (BSA) is one of the largest youth organizations in the United States, with 2.7 million youth members and over 1 million adult volunteers.. it is founded in 1910 by founded by powell



Salvation Army ? The Salvation Army is an integral part of the Christian Church, although distinctive in government and practice.



operation ghost is deals wid ?  Operation Ghost is a code name given by FBI to a two-year investigation of a criminal gang based in Estonia which is now successfully completed.. releted to malware scam



''liu yang'' in news why China’s first female astronaut climbed excitedly out of a capsule to find herself in a strange wasteland.



For a moment, she may have thought herself in some far-off planet as she gazed around the sprawling terrain of Inner Mongolia.



Liu Yang, 33, completed the 13-day mission to the country's space station site along with commander and veteran astronaut Jing Haipeng, 45, and crew mate Liu Wang, 43.



The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an international organization that was created on July 22, 1944 at the Bretton Woods Conference and came into existence on December 27, 1945 when 29 countries signed the Articles of Agreement. ** originally had 45 members.  **The IMF's stated goal was to stabilize exchange rates and assist the reconstruction of the world’s international payment system post-World War II.  is thr any limitation for IMF ? The IMF will only lend money to countries if they agree to certain conditions. These conditions increase poverty. The livelihoods of people in poorer countries are destroyed by unfair competition from foreign goods and services. The IMF does not give good financial advice. Countries have suffered by following it.



Org of Islamic Conference has hw mny members  57 Its an international organisation head quartered in saudi arabia which is the main voice of muslim world in safegaurding the interests & well being of muslims  OIC aims to preserve Islamic social and economic values; promote solidarity amongst member states; increase cooperation in social, economic, cultural, scientific, and political areas; uphold international peace and security; and advance education, particularly in the fields of science and technology.



rohingyas issue? rohingyas r actually muslim refugees frm bangladesh residing in myanmar...currently their number is 7.5lakh in myanmar.they often clashes with ethnic buddhist myanmaris who r in majority there.problem is dat myanmar is finding it difficult to keep them while bangladesh is refusing to accept them as its citizen



Which country is not the permanent member of the Security Council ? A. Russia B. USA C. Britain D. Italy  Italy



meta-university  meta university scheme allows a student to pursue 2 different courses in 2 different universities, for example a student who is pursuing his engineering frm jammu university can at the same time enroll himself for a sociology course in jawahar lal nehru university delhi



which 3 states recently banned smokeless tobacco in india mp,kerala nd bihar ** kerala and goa also banned gutka



HED? higher education dialogue. the dialogue between india and us



What are EURO Norms-1,2,3,4,5,6 and their predetermined levels???? Permissible emission levels of automobiles, like Bharat 1,2,3,4.



let's discuss on WIPO and issues attached with it ..??  WIPO is a non elected body and each state one vote regardless of its population or contribution so it is inclined toWARDS Nothern countries so not taking strangent measures against them in voilating IPR s n GI.



what is UNEP? United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) the world's leading institute which truly works on environmental issue and as it's under uno..so, of course member countries will have pressure to follow on some limit...and earth summit, Kyoto protocol, Durban summit and RIO20+ could be considered as successful summit..and many others projects and awareness programs are working under it..it's subsidiary branch united nation convention on climate change ( UNCCC ) can be considered as overlooked to the world on pollution matters.. hq--àNAROIBE



sdr is an instrument used by world bank and imf to create the international liquidity of currinces and reduce the higher dependency on doller in international market.  SDR = Special Drawing Rights  SDR is associated with IMF only



What measures are being taken to secure India's coastlines? -enhance coastal police stations -Technogical upgaradation of forces using GPS based system,improve maritime security-clearcut divisions of responsibility of coastal police,indian coastguard and navvy and proper coordination among them, satteklite based monitoring data etc



Memogate scam??? scandal about alleged memorandom by pakistan ambassador to usa, hussain haqqanini to us admiral m mullen to help pakistani civil govt. in case of a coupe by pak armu



istanbul process?  afghan's effort for promoting regional co-operation & sustainable economic growth.india insists that istanbul process be an afghan owned process...



'the scream''? nd why in news  norwageian painting of $119.8 million due to which norway's trade surplus in may rose to 44.5% Western China Crisis (20 Words)  Xinjiang shares a border with Pakistan Occupied Kashmir (PoK); China blames the separatist East Turkistan Islamic Movement (ETIM) for fomenting trouble in the province. what is micro irrigation (20-50 words technique to feed directly the water to plant where it is needed.by using sprinkle system,israel irrigation technique etc. GOI started National Mission on Microirrigation providung 60 percent subsidy in lying pipes etc.it reduce the water wastage and insure optimum use of water resources.





scientist involved in this got dis yrs world food prize.



what is Ginni -Cofficient? inequality measuring index...it can be social or economic inequality...value is between 0 nd 1.more is value more is inequality.e.g.-in 2010 gini coefficient ws 0.27 nd in 2011 it ws 0.28 which means inequality increased in india in last one yr!@#$%



Expand the term SWIFT— (A) Society for Worldwide Inter-national Financial Telecommunications (B) Society for Worldwide Inter-bank Financial Telecommunications (C) Society for Worldwide Inter-national Financial Transfers (D) Society for Worldwide Inter-bank Fiscal Transactions  Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunications



It enables to financial institutions to send and receive information about financial transactions world wide



national pension system(5 points ) 1.applicable to all earners be it public ,private or any unorganised sector. 2.compulsory for govt employees nd voluntary for rest 3.adopted in 2004 4.pple between 18-60 yrs of age can invest. 5.govt actually invests the money in equity,govt bond nd corporate bonds....(only)...this easesd the burden which previously used to be charged from GOI pocket. 6.pfrda established to make it popular...bt pfrda yet to get constitutional status becoz bill is pending frm last 8 yrs due to which it face problem in dealing with defaulter pension fund managers ,as to punish them in cases it has to visit civil court everytime. after getting constitutional status pfrda will hav power of civil court,nd will take such actions on its own. 7.due to volunteer nature scheme is nt popular among private or unorganised sector.moreover pension fund managers dont take much initiative in this regard becoz intensive is very low(only0.0009%) Which is NOT the principle of Indian Foreign Policy? A. Anti-imperialis m B. Peaceful coexistence C. Nuclearisation  Anti-imperialis m anti-imperialism:------ against any for of colonialism peaceful Coexistence: panchsheel sidhant



liu wang who? one of the 2 chinese astronaut to visit space twice



contribution of G 8 AND G 20 in the world economy..  G8 and G20 r axis of world economy.the entire wrd eco r depend on them. g-20 developing nations grouping established at cancun summit of wto,includes countries with export interests



Paraguay is undergoing crisis recntly...wrte abt it ? The Republic of Paraguay is in crisis. The institutional breakdown caused by the National Congress through a parliamentary coup, broke the democratic process that the people voted and elected in 2008. this attack against the legitimate government of Paraguay, elected at the polls, besides being a terrible reversal of democracy that affects all citizens Paraguayan democracy seriously threatens the entire region, as it stands as a destabilizing element for all of Latin America.



International Trade Administration ?



The International Trade Administration strengthens the competitiveness of U.S. industry,promotes trades and investments also ensures fair trade through rigorous enforcement of its laws and agreements. ITA works to improve the global business environment and helps U.S. organizations compete at home and abroad.ITA supports President Obama’s recovery agenda and the National Export Initiative to sustain economic growth and support American jobs.

 ITA consists of four sub-units. These are: Import Administration (IA), Market Access and Compliance (MAC), Manufacturing and Services (MAS) and the US Commercial Service (USCS).Kabuki theater?

 Kabuki theater is in Tokyo,Japan where last week,a confrence of 70 countries was organised for Restructuring Afganistan after Nato leave it in 2014.they have decided to provid 16 billion dollor for reconstruction of Afganistan in forth coming 4 years.



Millenium Alliance? The Millennium Alliance: An India-US Innovation Partnership for Global Development will raise $50 million in seed capital, grants, loans, guarantees, and technical support for base of the pyramid solutions. The Alliance will be modeled on USAID’s Development Innovation Ventures to deliver maximum development impact by focusing on cost-effective solutions, rigorous testing and evaluation, and transition to scale via public and private pathways. USAID has committed $7.5 million to help launch the partnership with the Indian businesses matching it.



''Fatou Bensouda'',in news why?  1st women nd 1st african lady to hold the post of chief prosecutor at icc  here icc means international criminal court...



FII 'explain.  in FDI dere is a direct long term investment through infrastructure et c. nd in FII its through sheyers nd securities etc........



Duma???



The lower house of russian parl.



different between fdi n portfolio investment?





Foreign direct investment can be described by directly investing into another country. For example, Ford has discovered they can increase their profits by building a car plant in Mexico. This is considered foreign direct investment because Ford is directly using Mexican workers as their means of production directly. Foreign portfolio investment can be explained through the example of an American business man investing in stocks in the Tokyo Stock Exchange. The business man is more passive in his investment. He is not going out of his way to start up a company or expand a company into the country. He is simply investing in to a company that already exists. So, the key difference between foreign direct investment and foreign portfolio investment is how involved the investor is. A corporation is more likely to engage in foreign direct investment because they will probably have enough money to expand. An individual is more likely to engage in foreign portfolio investment because the environment is simply better for them. The risk of foreign portfolio investment for an individual is less risky than expanding or creating their company to a different country.









World Economic Forum? WEF is a non profit Swiss foundation headquartered in Cologny,Geneva. it is an independent international organization committed to improving the state of the world by engaging business, political, academic and other leaders of society to shape global, regional and industry agendas. The 2012 meeting was held on 25-29 January 2012, with the theme "The Great Transformation: Shaping New Models"WEF is a non profit Swiss foundation headquartered in Cologny,Geneva. it is an independent international organization committed to improving the state of the world by engaging business, political, academic and other leaders of society to shape global, regional and industry agendas. The 2012 meeting was held on 25-29 January 2012, with the theme "The Great Transformation: Shaping New Models



Macarthyism?



is the practise of making accusations of disloyalty without any proper evidence came into picture during 2nd Red Scare period in US.



UNFPA??? The agency’s main goals are: Universal access to reproductive health services by 2015 Universal primary education and closing the gender gap in education by 2015 Reducing maternal mortality by 75 per cent by 2015 Reducing infant mortality  Increasing life expectancy Decreasing HIV infection rates.. Head Quarters is located in New York



Sheikh Mohammad bin Rashid al Maktoum???? The Prime Minister and Vice President of the United Arab Emirates (UAE), and constitutional monarch of Dubai



UNIDO???  is the specialized agency of the United Nations that promotes industrial development for poverty reduction, inclusive globalization and environmental sustainability. it's headquartered in Vienna, Austria. It is also a member of the United Nations Development Group. it has Presently, 173 states are members of UNIDO Executive head :Kandeh Yumkella



United Nations Industrial Development Organization



UNCTAD???  The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development ( UNCTAD)  It is the principal organ of the United Nations General Assembly dealing with trade, investment, and development issues. The Secretary-General of UNCTAD is Dr. Supachai Panitchpakdi.



it hq at Geneva, Switzerland established in 1964 .



Ladli lakshmi scheme ? A benefit of Rs .1mn,for the girls marrying legally after 18yrs of age, and born and brought up in Goa. for those born outside, the state of goa, the cases will be scrutinised. Launching this noble scheme goa cm Mr. M parikkar said, this scheme would aim towards abolition of female foeticide cases. For this scheme, the goa state govt has granted a package of rs. 150cr.

Rs. 1 lack each Girl to meet expenses



Compare and contrast the role of IMF with that of world bank? IMF monitor the world economy its member countries economic activities.all members of IMF R automatically member of world bank. world bank gives loans to developing countries.wb is co- institution of imf.



define state party nd national party a party which gets minimum 6% of votes in 3states in state level elections or 4% of votes in loksabha election or aquires 1seat in every 25 of loksabha seats is calld a natinal party....... 6  1 inc  2 bjp 3 bsp  4 cpi 5. cpi (m)  6 ncp



rupaantar project? rupaantar means transformation..it has been implemented in assam with the help of oil india limited..it is becoming one of the role model for the rural development..in this various self help groups are formed and they are trained by the state insitute of rural development..it assist te unemployed youth and women to find alternate means of employment.its main focus is on agro based industries..



Who was Famous as Frontier Gandhi????? khan abdul gaffar khan



The newly-elected chairperson of the African Union Commission, South Africa's Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma, was sworn into office today, becoming the first woman to lead the pan-African institution. Erastus Mwencha, the newly-elected deputy chairperson of the AU Commission, and five new AU commissioners also took the oath at the closing ceremony of the 19th AU Summit, held in the Ethiopian capital Addis Ababa. The five new commissioners will be in charge of peace and security, political affairs, social affairs, infrastructure and energy, and rural economy and agriculture, respectively.........



tell me about AU Summit AU s a union consisting of 54 African states. The most important decisions of the AU are made by the Assembly of the African Union, a semi-annual meeting of the heads of state and government of its member states. The AU's secretariat, the African Union Commission, is based in Addis Ababa,Ethiopia. political capital are Addis Ababa and Midrand.  Financial institutions OF AU  1. African Central Bank – Abuja, Nigeria 2. African Investment Bank – Tripoli, Libya 3. African Monetary Fund – Yaoundé, Cameroon The African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights, in existence since 1986, is established under the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights .currently it combating malaria and the AIDS/HIV epidemic in its region , estabilising democratic regime in region etc.





discuss points about AUTOCRATIC GOVERMENT.. kin countries me thi ya abhi hai.. wahan ki rulings... orders... ?????  An autocracy is a form of government in which the political power is held by a single individual.e.g. in Russia from the 1600's-1917 there was on tsar (emperor) who is all powerful over the country. There is no way for changing an autocratic rulers mind because they believe they are there on God's will.in this there would be no vote because political parties are illegal.

how many communist countries in world? .the word communism is not really framed..it's by socialism.. Marxism ( Karl Marx )..but when govt. continue deal with every sector of society and economy in automatically turned in communism..the main purpose is all are equal and it's govt's responsibility that they must be equal..it's true somehow the que of china and russia are very debatable just because both have opened their economy with LPG concept but russia has only one way globalization..their companies goes outside and do business but other companies of the world are not allowed except special permission of govt..you can see govt. is still holding 95 % authority of economy ..that means govt. have very crucial role in their economy.. What is the present political scenario of Iraq?

polity is divided in sectarian lines as kurds,shias,sunnis